Nalanda Open University
(NOU)
Assignment Solution
HOME SCIENCE (HONOURS)
PAPER-I
(PRACTICAL WORK)
HOME SCIENCE (HONOURS) PAPER-II
Assignment NOU Patna
Q1.Discuss the importance of play in child
development.
Ans. Play improves the cognitive, physical, social, and
emotional well-being of children and young people.
Through play, children learn about the world and
themselves.
They also learn skills they need for study, work, and
relationships such as:
• confidence
• self-esteem
• resilience
• interaction
• social skills
• independence
• curiosity
• coping with
challenging situations
Developing physical health through play
Physical play such as running, skipping, and riding a
bicycle helps children develop:
• good physical
fitness
• agility
• stamina
• co-ordination
• balance
Developing social skills through play
Playing can help children develop their social skills with
others. Listening, paying attention, and sharing play experiences, helps a
child:
• explore their
feelings
• develop
self-discipline
• learn how to
express themselves
• work out
emotional aspects of life
Playful Parenting
Through play, parents can connect fully with their children
and have fun.
A parent or carer can support and take part in their
child’s play activities but they shouldn’t direct what happens.
They must give their children time, freedom, and choice to
play. If an adult makes all the decisions about how, what, and when their child
plays, the child won’t enjoy their play experiences.
Play and challenge
Children often want to create challenges and uncertainty in
their play. Through risky, challenging play, children test themselves and find
out their limits. They learn how to deal with risk through play and can use
these same skills later in life.
Parents should encourage their children from birth to
extend themselves. Teach them basic skills including:
• riding a
bicycle
• swimming
• road safety
Explain that it’s important to learn from mistakes, to try
again, and to believe in themselves.
Help them understand their limits and their boundaries. Allow them to
have fun in their play.
Play and digital technology
To make sure children have time for unstructured, freely
chosen play every day, parents should limit screen time. The younger the child,
the less time they should be using digital devices.
Keep certain times and areas in the home technology-free
zones such as:
• meals
• when outdoors
• before bed
• bedrooms
Don’t use digital devices to distract your children or keep
them quiet. Talk to your children, play games, or look at a book together. Join
your children’s screen time and talk about their online activity.
Show your children a good example by limiting your own
screen time.
Q2. Give a comparative study of mother’s milk
and artificial milk.
Ans. Mother’s milk
Health Benefits for Baby:
Designed by the human body to feed human babies, its
composition changes to meet the needs of your baby or toddler.
Valuable antibodies protect babies against viral and
bacterial infections such as:
• Ear infections
• Respiratory
tract infections
• Urinary tract
infections
• Bacterial
meningitis
• Necrotizing
Enterocollitis
The longer you breastfeed, the more protection your baby
has.
Decreases the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
Improves baby’s brain development.
Easier to digest, decreasing baby’s risk of:
• Diarrhea
• Stomach
Infection
• Inflammation of
the stomach
It has an analgesic effect, meaning it comforts the baby
when he or she experiences pain.
Decreases your baby’s risk of developing health issues
later in life such as:
• Obesity
• Crohn’s Disease
• Ulcerative
colitis
• Celiac Disease
• Type I & II
Diabetes
• High blood
pressure
• Heart Disease
• High
cholesterol
• Cancers such as
acute lymphoblastic leukemia and neuroblastoma
Health benefits for mom:
Breast milk is always available, always at the right
temperature, and always free. Breast milk requires no preparation.
Decreases your risk of developing:
• Breast cancer
• Ovarian cancer
• Cardiovascular
Disease
• Type II
Diabetes
• Metabolic
syndrome
• Postpartum
Depression
• Hypertension
• Osteoporosis
Alternative caregivers can feed your baby - if you express
milk beforehand.
Artificial Milk
Created in a lab, and in most cases, is commercially
altered cow’s milk. Different brands and different types of formula can lead to
confusion, mistakes in preparation, and contamination, putting your baby’s
health at risk.
A formula does not contain the same antibodies found in
breast milk. There are substances added to the formula to help protect babies
from illness but these are not as easily absorbed by babies as breast milk and
do not offer the same kind of protection. Higher concentrations of vitamins and
minerals in formula make it more difficult to digest and more likely that your
baby will suffer:
• Gas
• Constipation
• Upset stomach
Formula-fed babies have a higher risk of SIDS.
Formula is expensive, the average cost is around $1,000 -
$1,800 a year ($87 - $150 per month)
A 2013 World Health Organization report found formula-fed
babies scored lower on IQ tests than those who were breastfed.
Formula must be prepared following certain guidelines to
ensure it is sterile and your baby doesn’t get sick. Bottles must always be
thoroughly cleaned and sanitized.
Alternative caregivers can feed your baby - as long as they
follow the proper safety guidelines for preparation.
For more information on the differences between breast milk
and formula, read Dr Jack Newman's info sheet or visit our Ask the Expert
section.
Q3. Describe the general diseases of newborn
baby.
Ans. Reviewed/Revised Oct
Infections occur at all ages but are a great cause for
concern in newborns because newborns, especially preterm ones, have an
underdeveloped immune system and are more susceptible to infection. Although
certain protective antibodies pass from the mother to the fetus through the
placenta (the organ that provides nourishment to the fetus), the levels of
antibodies in the fetus's blood may not be high enough to fight an infection.
Fetuses and newborns can acquire an infection in the
following ways:
• In the womb
• During birth
• After birth
Infection acquired in the womb (in utero infection)
An infection in the fetus, which can occur any time before
birth, results from an infection in the mother. Sometimes doctors and the
mother know she has an infection, but sometimes they do not. The mother's
infection is passed to the fetus through the placenta.
Common infections that are passed on via the placenta
include rubella, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, Zika virus infection, and
syphilis. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and hepatitis B virus
infection may also sometimes be passed on via the placenta. Many rarer
infections can infect the fetus before birth.
Problems for the fetus depend on which organism is causing
the infection and when the mother's infection occurred during the pregnancy.
Problems that may occur include miscarriage, slow growth in the uterus, preterm
birth, stillbirth, and birth defects. An infection may or may not cause
symptoms in the mother.
Infection acquired during birth (intrapartum infection)
An infection can be acquired during birth if the baby
passes through an infected birth canal or if an infection moves up from the
vagina if delivery is delayed after the membranes have ruptured.
Infections that can occur during birth include HIV
infection, herpes simplex virus infections, hepatitis B virus infection,
streptococcal infections, E. coli infections, listeriosis, gonococcal
infections, and chlamydia. Sometimes these infections can also be passed on
through the placenta.
Infection acquired after birth (postpartum infection)
An infection acquired after birth occurs when a newborn has
close contact with an infected mother directly or through breastfeeding. An
infection acquired after birth can also occur if newborns have contact with
infected healthcare practitioners, family, or visitors in the hospital (see
Hospital-Acquired Infections in Newborns) or at home.
Types of infections in newborns
Infections in newborns are usually caused by bacteria or
viruses and less commonly by fungi or parasites. The more common bacteria
include group B streptococci, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Listeria
monocytogenes, gonococci, and chlamydiae. The more common viruses causing
infection in newborns include herpes simplex viruses (HSV), human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and hepatitis B virus
(HBV).
Some infections that can affect people of all ages cause
particular problems when they occur in a fetus or newborn. Some of the more
serious infections in newborns include the following:
• Bacterial
meningitis
• Conjunctivitis
• Cytomegalovirus
(CMV)
• Hepatitis B
virus (HBV)
• Herpes simplex
virus (HSV)
• Hospital-acquired
infections
• Listeriosis
• Pneumonia
• Rubella
• Sepsis
• Syphilis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Tuberculosis
• Zika virus infection
